pope innocent viii and medici

The Signoria and councils of Florence issued a decree: Whereas the foremost man of all this city, the lately deceased Lorenzo de' Medici, did, during his whole life, neglect no opportunity of protecting, increasing, adorning and raising this city, but was always ready with counsel, authority and painstaking, in thought and deed; shrank from neither trouble nor danger for the good of the state and its freedom..... it has seemed good to the Senate and people of Florence.... to establish a public testimonial of gratitude to the memory of such a man, in order that virtue might not be unhonoured among Florentines, and that, in days to come, other citizens may be incited to serve the commonwealth with might and wisdom. Lorenzo de' Medici appears as a supporting character to the protagonist. The rumour that Savonarola damned Lorenzo on his deathbed has been refuted in Roberto Ridolfi's book Vita di Girolamo Savonarola. Continue Reading. Pope Innocent VIII, in conflict with King Ferdinand I of Naples over Ferdinand's refusal to pay feudal dues to the papacy, excommunicated and deposed Ferdinand by a bull of 11 September 1489. [6], Lorenzo, considered the most promising of the five children of Piero and Lucrezia, was tutored by a diplomat and bishop, Gentile de' Becchi, and the humanist philosopher Marsilio Ficino,[8] and he was trained in Greek by John Argyropoulos. He was the couple’s fourth surviving child, Lucrezia had been born in 1470, Piero in 1472 and Maddelena in 1473. In 1492 he was made a cardinal by Pope Innocent VIII. "[16], Lorenzo, groomed for power, assumed a leading role in the state upon the death of his father in 1469, when he was 20. Innocent VIII named eight cardinals in one consistory which was held on 9 March 1489; the pope named three of those cardinals in pectore (one of whom being a successor in Giovanni de' Medici who became Pope Leo X) with two of them having their names released after the pope died to ensure that they could vote in the 1492 conclave.. Death. “Behold, t is the Lord God that is leading all these armies”. Toward the end of Lorenzo's life, Florence came under the influence of Savonarola, who believed Christians had strayed too far into Greco-Roman culture. Innocent VIII is not so innocent. Groomed for greatness, Lorenzo the Magnificent was one of the more influential members of the Medici (when you say “the Medici,” you’re referring to the family as a whole so saying “the Medici family” is redundant), arguably the most powerful family of the Italian Renaissance. The Peace of Lodi of 1454 that he helped maintain among the various Italian states collapsed with his death. [9] With his brother Giuliano, he participated in jousting, hawking, hunting, and horse breeding for the Palio, a horse race in Siena. [40], Lorenzo's heir was his eldest son, Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici, known as "Piero the Unfortunate". Facade in Renaissance style (1512-1513), attributed to Andrea Sansovino (1467-1529), with porch with five arches separated by travertine pilasters. Giuliano, on the other hand, was regarded as handsome and a "golden boy", and was used as a model by Botticelli in his painting of Mars and Venus. Mai 1478 in Florenz; 25. In 1471, Lorenzo calculated that his family had spent some 663,000 florins (about US$460 million today) on charity, buildings and taxes since 1434. "Florentine Palaces & Their Stories". The papal bull of Pope Innocent VIII known as Summis desiderantes (5 December 1484). Innocent VIII, given name Giovanni Battista Cibo, Roman Catholic Pope from the 29th of August 1484 to the 25th of July 1492, successor of Pope Sixtus IV, was born at Genoa (1432), the son of Arano Cibo, who under Calixtus III had been a senator of Rome. Pope Innocent VIII (Giovanni Battista Cibò) Born at Genoa, 1432; elected 29 August, 1484; died at Rome, 25 July, 1492. An example includes the commission of Ghirlandaio, Botticelli, Pietro Perugino and Cosimo Rosselli from Rome to paint murals in the Sistine Chapel, a move that has been interpreted as sealing the alliance between Lorenzo and Pope Sixtus IV.[30]. Try our expert-verified textbook solutions with step-by-step explanations. The joust was the subject of a poem written by Luigi Pulci. Innocent VIII August 29, 1484 - July 25, 1492 . As one of the wealthiest men in Europe, Cosimo spent a very large portion of his fortune on government and philanthropy, for example as a patron of the arts and financier of public works. Apart from a personal interest, Lorenzo also used the Florentine milieu of fine arts for his diplomatic efforts. Clemens VII. But Alexander VI was a Borgia before he was a pope, so his turn in the cassock was always going to be debauched. Page 250. insisted on entering Florence with his intimidating army. She was a daughter of Giacomo Orsini, Lord of Monterotondo and Bracciano by his wife and cousin Maddalena Orsini. a Spaniard Pope. My Thoughts on the Decree on Ecumenism Essay 1368 Words | 6 Pages. in Rome, and two of her weddings were held inside the Vatican. Innocent VIII, original name Giovanni Battista Cibo, (born 1432, Genoa—died July 25/26, 1492, Rome), pope from 1484 to 1492. Letters written by witnesses to Lorenzo's death report that he died peacefully after listening to the Gospel of the day. With Daniel Sharman, Francesco Montanari, Alessandra Mastronardi, Johnny Harris. When his brother Piero de’ Medici (1471–1503) was expelled from Florence in 1494, Giovanni also went into exile, which he spent mainly in Città di Castello, Perugia, Urbino and Milan; in 1499 he travelled to Germany, the Netherlands and France. Charles and his army camped on the border of Tuscany. Lorenzo's ally turned adversary friar tries to bring the truth to Florentine people, a dark fact that will most likely destroy the support Lorenzo always had in his friends and his own wife Clarice, leading to an unforeseen tragedy. FREE study guides and infographics! Thus, step by step, the Medici were approaching the status that they continued to refuse. The season looks at how Lorenzo the Magnificent shaped the Medici family and the city of Florence during a time of city-state feuds and war that drew in the … Witnessing the right opportunity to seize power for to survive, Lorenzo and Clarice embark on the journey where they would discover the darkest aspects of the pious papacy, when Lorenzo eventually obtains for what he has thrived so far. [11] He carried a banner painted by Verrocchio, and his horse was named Morello di Vento. But, in 1492, he is elected Pope Alexander VI. A key commodity in the glassmaking, tanning and textile industries, alum was available from only a few sources under the control of the Ottomans and monopolized by Genoa before the discovery of alum sources in Italy at Tolfa. Pope Alexander VI (1492 – 1503) Rodrigo Brogia-Rodrigo Borgia had held the same position under five differnet popes, and as such, had become immensely wealty. The death of Pope Innocent VIII and Lorenzo de Medici mean that the balance of. The aim was to use the gold of the New World to fund Crusades and to gain souls for Christianity. HIST255 - Week 8 Lecture (2) - Pope Leo X, Rome, Castiglione, Cellini & the Sack.docx, Hist 255(7)The State-Florence,Milan,Venice-Lecture-Outline.doc, New York City College of Technology, CUNY, Eberhardt_[orig]_Cath_Hist_vol-2_searchable.pdf, INTI International College Subang • HISTORY HIS109S, New York City College of Technology, CUNY • HISTORY 102, University of California, Los Angeles • ITALIAN 42A, University of California, Los Angeles • COM SCI 118. September 1534 in Rom) aus der Familie der Medici war vom 18. VIII entered the city of Florence, surrounded by an unimagineably large and scary, However, when Charles VIII dismounted from his massive black war horse at the end of. A mysterious inscription on his tomb in Saint Peter in Rome states: “Nel tempo del suo Pontificato, la gloria della scoperta di un nuovo mondo” (transl. Son of the viceroy of Naples, Battista spent his early years at the Neapolitan court. As a cardinal, he was known for his veracious sexual. Find answers and explanations to over 1.2 million textbook exercises. Cibo arbeitete um 1460 für Kardinal Filippo Calandrini. Nepotism described as "lavish as it was shameless." That success enabled Lorenzo to secure constitutional changes within the government of the Florentine Republic that further enhanced his own power. Giovanni (1475–1521) became Pope Leo X. Luisa (or Luigia; 1477–1488), was betrothed to Giovanni il Popolano, but died young. Pope Boniface IX Pope Innocent VIII Albergo (family) House of Altoviti House of Medici. Lorenzo hurried to Volterra to make amends, but the incident would remain a dark stain on his record.[27][28]. . In 1492 he was made a cardinal by Pope Innocent VIII. 13. [15] Even Lorenzo's close friend Niccolo Valori described him as homely, saying, "nature had been a stepmother to him in regards to his personal appearance, although she had acted as a loving mother in all things concocted with the mind. Born into the prominent political and banking Medici family of Florence, Giovanni was the second son of Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler of the Florentine Republic, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1489. [18] The most notable of the rival families was the Pazzi, who nearly brought Lorenzo's reign to an end. [30] They studied Greek philosophers and attempted to merge the ideas of Plato with Christianity. Piero de Medici, declared that Florence would remain neutral in the affair, but, the French needed, fortresses in Florence to defend its rear-flank. [21] Shockingly, Salviati acted with the blessing of his patron Pope Sixtus IV. Cardinal Giovanni Cibo lived a worldly life before the curia elected him Innocent VIII in 1484. After a licentious youth, during which he had two illegitimate children, Franceschetto and Teodorina, he took orders and entered the service of Cardinal Calandrini. Pope Innocent VIII was born in 1432 and passed his youth at the Neapolitan court. 1475-d. 1521) was made Cardinal at the age of fourteen. Pope Leo X was born Giovanni de Medici to Lorenzo the Magnificant and Clarice Orsini in Florence. [5] On the foreign policy front, Lorenzo manifested a clear plan to stem the territorial ambitions of Pope Sixtus IV, in the name of the balance of the Italian League of 1454. Lorenzo married Clarice Orsini by proxy on 7 February 1469. During Lorenzo's tenure, several branches of the family bank collapsed because of bad loans, and in later years he got into financial difficulties and resorted to misappropriating trust and state funds. Lorenzo played a role in bringing Savonarola to Florence. When the Pope was absent from Rome, Lucrezia acted as his fill-in. When Innocent VIII died in 1492, so did the despised Cybo’s protection. Basilica of Santa Maria in Domnica. Pope Innocent VIII. Innocent VIII Was the First Pope to Acknowledge His Illegitimate Children Openly Cardinal Giovanni Cibo lived a worldly life before the curia elected him Innocent VIII in 1484. The same year, 1493. The Medici can’t demand the payment without risking papal fury. Eventually, the Knights handed Cem over to Pope Innocent VIII (1484–1492). In 1559, the bodies of Lorenzo de' Medici ("the Magnificent") and his brother Giuliano were interred in the New Sacristy in an unmarked tomb beneath Michelangelo's statue of the Madonna. that his son Giovanni (afterwards Leo X., b. That night, Piero fled the city. A bounty of 4,000, Florence sent out a delegation of four to undo what pieor had sneakily done behind the, city’s back. The latter holds the two monumental tombs of Lorenzo and Giuliano's less known namesakes: Lorenzo, Duke of Urbino, and Giuliano, Duke of Nemours. Giovanni’s father was head of the Medici bank and Lord of Florence. Mai 1473 von Papst Sixtus IV. Lorenzo's grandfather, Cosimo de' Medici, was the first member of the Medici family to lead the Republic of Florence and run the Medici Bank simultaneously. Prelude [edit | edit source]. Savonarola’s predictions were coming true, and an era of fatality had befallen Italy. He hastily departed from Rome to beg the protection of his wife’s family, the powerful de’ Medici clan who ruled Florence. Thus began an insurrection and secession from Florence, which involved putting to death several opposing citizens. Rome. Thus, Charles sacked the city, and. Following the death of Pope Julius II, Giovanni was elected pope after securing the backing of the younger members of the Sacred College. He built a palace for his mistress, and openly enjoyed her charms. Pope Innocent VIII (Latin: Innocentius VIII; 1432 – 25 July 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo), was Pope from 29 August 1484 to his death in 1492. [14], Lorenzo was described as rather plain of appearance and of average height, having a broad frame and short legs, dark hair and eyes, a squashed nose, short-sighted eyes and a harsh voice. Contessina Antonia Romola de' Medici (1478–1515), Lorenzo de' Medici is depicted as a teenager in. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Alexander arranged the marriage of of one of his sons to the Princess Lucrezia. Italy. Alum had been discovered by local citizens of Volterra, who turned to Florence to get backing to exploit this important natural resource. [2][3][4] Also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent (Lorenzo il Magnifico [loˈrɛntso il maɲˈɲiːfiko]) by contemporary Florentines, he was a magnate, diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists, and poets. The tympanum has the coat of arms of Pope Innocent VIII (center) and of the cardinals Giovanni and Ferdinando de Medici. Assumed chief political power at age of twenty-one, upon the occasion of the death of his father, Piero, and ruled until his death in 1492. [6] Lorenzo's father, Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, was equally at the centre of Florentine civic life, chiefly as an art patron and collector, while Lorenzo's uncle, Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici, took care of the family's business interests. Charles VIII neverthelss. The Medici ruled Florence, and later all of Tuscany as well as Rome (the latter mostly from behind the scenes). Michelangelo lived with Lorenzo and his family for three years, dining at the family table and participating in discussions led by Marsilio Ficino. [37] Many signs and portents were claimed to have taken place at the moment of his death, including the dome of Florence Cathedral being struck by lightning, ghosts appearing, and the lions kept at Via Leone fighting one another.[38]. Innocent VIII Was the First Pope to Acknowledge His Illegitimate Children Openly. In 1494, he squandered his father's patrimony and brought down the Medici dynasty in Florence. Cosimo had started the collection of books that became the Medici Library (also called the Laurentian Library), and Lorenzo expanded it. Although Lorenzo did not commission many works himself, he helped these artists to secure commissions from other patrons. [40] According to Williamson and others, the statues of the lesser Lorenzo and Giuliano were carved by Michelangelo to incorporate the essence of the famous men. I endeavoured to find out where the story originated. Lorenzo maintained good relations with Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire, as the Florentine maritime trade with the Ottomans was a major source of wealth for the Medici. Innocent VIII named eight cardinals in one consistory which was held on 9 March 1489; the pope named three of those cardinals in pectore (one of whom being a successor in Giovanni de' Medici who became Pope Leo X) with two of them having their names released after the pope died to ensure that they could vote in the 1492 conclave.. Death. In 1484, Pope Innocent VIII issued the Papal. He held the balance of power within the Italic League, an alliance of states that stabilized political conditions on the Italian peninsula for decades, and his life coincided with the mature phase of the Italian Renaissance and the Golden Age of Florence. does not yet exist, I will quote Pope John Paul II’s own interpretation of this passage. [18], Thereafter, Lorenzo, like his grandfather Cosimo de' Medici, pursued a policy of maintaining peace, balancing power between the northern Italian states and keeping major European states such as France and the Holy Roman Empire out of Italy. This page was last edited on 5 January 2021, at 13:32. his precession, the crowd stopped cheering and fell silent when they saw his stature. Renaissance Papacy has such a horrid reputation for corruption. [7] She became her son's advisor after the deaths of his father and uncle. November 1523 bis zu seinem Tode Papst. The protracted conflict with Naples was the principal obstacle to a crusade against the Turks; Innocent VIII earnestly endeavoured to unite Christendom against the common enemy. When King Ferrante of Naples died in 1494, Charles VIII announced his claim to the, Republic. In 1484, Pope Innocent VIII announced that these meetings had been taking place and. As a patron, he is best known for his sponsorship of artists such as Botticelli and Michelangelo. Piero accepted the uselessness o his position, and following his fathers example, he, went to Charles’ camp. For these reasons, Lorenzo was the subject of the Pazzi conspiracy (1478), in which his brother Giuliano was assassinated. Lorenzo de' Medici (Italian pronunciation: [loˈrɛntso de ˈmɛːditʃi], 1 January 1449 – 8 April 1492)[1] was an Italian statesman, de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic and the most powerful and enthusiastic patron of Renaissance culture in Italy. Innocent then offered the Kingdom of Naples to King Charles VIII of France, who had a remote claim to Naples through the Angevin line. Lorenzo's court included artists such as Piero and Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Andrea del Verrocchio, Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio and Michelangelo Buonarroti, who were instrumental in achieving the 15th-century Renaissance. The accepted version is that Columbus was dispatched in 1492 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, but Signor Marino said that the venture was originally financed by Innocent VIII and the Medici banking dynasty to which the Pope was related. Giuliano (1479–1516), Duke of Nemours, married Filiberta di Savoia His second son, Giovanni, who became Pope Leo X, retook the city in 1512 with the aid of a Spanish army. Born: 1475 ~ Florence, Italy Pope: 1513-21 Died: 1521, December 1 ~ Rome, Italy Note: Extravagant, renovated Vatican, indirectly caused Reformation He was born Giovanni de' Medici, the second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent and Clarice Orsini of the powerful de' Medici family of Florence, Italy. Innocent had two illegitimate children born before he entered the clergy "towards whom his nepotism had been as lavish as it was shameless". appetite, and was particularly interested in children. The Medici is a series about the well-known Florentine family with the same name during the early Renaissance period. Pope Innocent VIII (Latin: Innocentius VIII; 1432 – 25 July 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 August 1484 to his death. Pope Leo X. This preview shows page 2 - 4 out of 6 pages. Pope Leo X (11 December 1475 – 1 December 1521), born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, was Pope from 9 March 1513 to his death in 1521. His father prevailed on his relative Innocent VIII to name him cardinal-deacon of Santa Maria in Domnica on 8 March 1489 when he was age 13. although he was not allowed to wear the insignia or share in the deliberations of the college until three years later. Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici (1472–1503), called "the Unfortunate", was ruler of Florence after his father's death Maria Maddalena Romola de' Medici (1473–1528) married Franceschetto Cybo (illegitimate son of Pope Innocent VIII) on 25 February 1487 and had seven children The third season takes place a few months after the Pazzi conspiracy in 1478, lasting until the 1480s or early 1490s. Rodrigo had already tried and failed to become Pope as the other cardinals did not want. Named bishop of Savona, Italy, in 1467 by Pope Paul II, he was made cardinal in 1473 by Pope Sixtus IV, whom he succeeded. [39], Lorenzo was buried with his brother Giuliano in the Church of San Lorenzo in the red porphyry sarcophagus designed for Piero and Giovanni de' Medici, not, as might be expected, in the New Sacristy, designed by Michelangelo. Some days previously, as the story goes, a Jewish physician had infused the blood of three ten-year-old boys, who all died soon afterwards as a result of this. She was much-loved. Maddalena (1473–1519), married Franceschetto Cybo, illegitimate son of Pope Innocent VIII. Meanwhile he received an education at Lorenzo's humanistic court under such men as Angelo Poliziano, Pico della Mirandola, Marsilio Ficino and Bernardo Dovizio Bibbiena. massacred the peope with shocking brutality. Giuliano was killed, brutally stabbed to death, but Lorenzo escaped with only a minor wound to the neck, having been defended by the poet Poliziano. Already drained by his grandfather's building projects and constantly stressed by mismanagement, wars, and political expenses, the assets of the Medici Bank reduced seriously during the course of Lorenzo's lifetime. Charles met his with disdain, and Piero agreed to all of the terms, laid out by Charles. The death of Pope Innocent VIII and Lorenzo de Medici mean that the balance of power, Pope Alexander VI (1492 – 1503) Rodrigo Brogia, Rodrigo Borgia had held the same position under five differnet popes, and as such, had, become immensely wealty. In his poetry, he celebrates life while acknowledging with melancholy the fragility and instability of the human condition, particularly in his later works. With Daniel Sharman, Francesco Montanari, Alessandra Mastronardi, Johnny Harris. Obtained from Pope Innocent VIII. However, despite Medici help, the new pope tells Lorenzo that he cannot repay loans to the Medici banks since has to pay his soldiers. Following the death of Pope Julius II, Giovanni was elected pope after securing the backing of the younger members of the Sacred College. [24], Lorenzo rallied the citizens. Lorenzo was an artist and wrote poetry in his native Tuscan. This was the beginning of what is called, “The Calamity of Italy”, An army of 30,000 soldiers marched across the Alps, facing no opposition through, Florence. Pope Innocent VIII (1432 – 25 July 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo), was Pope from 29 August 1484 to his death in 1492. By July 1492, Innocent had become very skinny. The second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, ruler of the Florentine Republic, he was elevated to the cardinalate in 1489.. Innocent VIII was anything but Pope Innocent VIII (papacy: 1484-1492) He was the son of the Roman senator, Aran Cibò, and Teodorina de' Mari. Alrady aware of the terms of the treaty, the government of Florence, The Vacca – the emergency bell on the top of ______ - tolled, and a large crowd, assembled around Piero to stone him. Immortality In King Gilgamesh 748 Words | 3 Pages. spent his life consildating France, and Charles now had his eyes set on Florence. As Pope, Rodrigo Borgia shamelessly promoted his family interests. From 1489 to 1491 he studied theology and canon law at Pisa. By July 1492, Innocent had become very skinny. Lorenzo's ally turned adversary friar tries to bring the truth to Florentine people, a dark fact that will most likely destroy the support Lorenzo always had in his friends and his own wife Clarice, leading to an unforeseen tragedy. [20], In the aftermath of the Pazzi conspiracy and the punishment of supporters of Pope Sixtus IV, the Medici and Florence earned the wrath of the Holy See, which seized all the Medici assets that Sixtus could find, excommunicated Lorenzo and the entire government of Florence, and ultimately put the entire Florentine city-state under interdict. It s mainly because OF Alexander VI that the. He wrote, "I do not regret this for though many would consider it better to have a part of that sum in their purse, I consider it to have been a great honour to our state, and I think the money was well-expended and I am well-pleased."[31]. He supported the development of humanism through his circle of scholarly friends, including the philosophers Marsilio Ficino, Poliziano and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. for money to help defend the city, it was met with pessimistic response from the people. [36] Savonarola visited Lorenzo on his deathbed. Lorenzo's agents retrieved from the East large numbers of classical works, and he employed a large workshop to copy his books and disseminate their content across Europe. Pope Innocent VIII : biography 1432 – 25 July 1492 In Rome he built for summer use the Belvedere of the Vatican, on an unarticulated slope above the Vatican Palace, which his successor would turn into the Cortile del Belvedere. Lorenzo married an Orsini, of the high Roman nobility.His daughter Maddalena was married to a son of Pope Innocent VIII (born before his father’s entry into religious orders), and his eldest son, Piero, married another Orsini. 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