Ss rated the unacceptability–acceptability of the behavior shown on each slide. This implies that traditional sports clubs function to a lesser extent as health-oriented sporting environments. Recorded interview sessions were transcribed verbatim and themes were coded from the transcripts using open, axial, and selective coding techniques. All variables that relate to sports participation … ical research on participation. ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine if youth soccer players' perceived relationships with parents and peers in soccer, and the moderating associations among these social relationship variables, predict soccer continuation over and above motivation-related variables.DesignThis study used a prospective design by assessing youth soccer athletes' social relationships and motivational outcomes during one season and tracking the athletes' soccer continuation behavior one year later.MethodsContinuation behavior of travel soccer athletes (N = 148), ages 10–14 years (M = 11.7, SD = 1.0), was assessed one year after completing a questionnaire containing soccer-contextualized measures of perceived parent relationship quality, perceived friendship quality, perceived peer acceptance, perceived competence, enjoyment, stress, and self-determined motivation.ResultsLogistic regression analyses showed that greater perceived competence, more positive friendship quality, and the combination of mother relationship quality and peer relationships predict soccer continuation on the same team.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the importance of close social relationships, and the combination of parent and peer relationships in particular, to sport continuation behavior. Because sports participation in informal settings such as public spaces is often not subject to specific schedules and obligations to others and is free of charge, external triggers to go practise sports are largely lacking. Based on self-determination theory (SDT) [17], various studies have found that more self-determined and autonomous types of motivation have an important impact on (persistence in) sports participation [18,19]. Principal components analysis (PCA) revealed a slightly different factor structure compared to the theoretical division. The second model (including interactions between motivations and sports settings) showed that those participating in club-organized settings with strong controlled motivations had a higher sports frequency. They were invited to participate in the study by their municipality, by means of an official letter by post. �� Sports Sociology Research Topics. Variables predicting clinical EDs, and thus candidates for valid screening procedures, were menstrual dysfunction in leanness athletes, self-reported EDs in non-leanness athletes, and self-reported use of pathogenic weight control methods in controls. We controlled for the following demographic characteristics in the multivariate analyses: age, sex, and education. We would like to thank respondents that took part in our online survey. Survey of national sample of Norwegian high school students (aged 13-19 years) in 1992 (T1) followed-up in 1994 (T2), 1999 (T3) and 2006 (T4) (n = 3251). Conceptualization, For instance, Borgers and colleagues [6] found that sports participation in non-traditional settings (including running, cycling and gym activities) seemed to be driven by values related to healthism and physical appearance, whereas members of sports clubs were more likely to practice sports because of sociability or performance-related goals. Discover how Australian preferences for sport participation differ and how to engage each segment of the population. Our study applies a socio-ecological framework, which is frequently used in studies in the health and physical activity domains and recently in studies on sports participation [22,23]. Users of different sports settings differed in their personal characteristics, motivations and goals. Overweight Children's Barriers to and Support for Physical Activity, Physical self-concept and self-esteem mediate cross-sectional relations of physical activity and sport participation with depression symptoms among adolescent girls, Protect, prepare, support, and engage: The roles of school-based extracurricular in students' development, Who gets more out of sport? The most popular physical activity among women was. The current study lends further support to research conducted by Chen et al., (5), Pederson and Seidman (20), Slutzky and Simpkins (28), and Bowker (4), who all found that peer acceptance and positive sport self-concept acted as mediators between sport participation and self-esteem. Participants in these settings reported both relatively high scores in on health management (M = 4.1; SD = 0.6 for non-club organized, M = 4.0; SD = 0.7 for informal/public space participants) and image goals (M = 3.4; SD = 0.9 for non-club organized, M = 3.0; SD = 1.0 for informal participants) as well. These informal sports participants mostly used public spaces as their sports location (68.8%) and were diverse regarding their sports frequency. published a study on sports participation in Europe. The evidence supported our hypothesis that group differences in peer associations and activity-based identities help explain activity group differences. Health and sports related potential confounders included perceived health, BMI, type of athlete and type of sports. The results of descriptive analyses revealed that sports participants using different settings for their sports practices differed regarding their preferred type of sports and whether the participants were novice, experienced or competitive athletes. Individual (net) income level was excluded because of the large share of respondents (N = 197) that answered, ‘don’t know/I prefer not to mention’. Summarizing the research, it has been observed that the growing number of female participation in sports events has a positive impact on countries’ overall performance. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Physical activity and sport participation each had an indirect, positive relation with global physical self-concept that was independent of objective measures of cardiorespiratory fitness and body fatness. Resources, Sports setting was categorized into three groups: 1) club-organized settings: users of official sports club facilities, as members of sports clubs, 2) non-club organized settings: users of facilities such as gyms, health centres or swimming pools, without traditional club membership, and 3) informal (public space) settings: users of (mostly) public spaces practising sports in an unorganized or informal way (e.g., individually, with a friend, or in a small group). Both perceived health and BMI were controlled for because because they possibly could be related to our independent and dependent variables [21,40]. For participants who participate in gym or outdoor settings under the guidance of a fitness instructor, health management and skill development goals were most important, followed by physique enhancement and social affiliation [20]. The Sport Participation Research Project analyses data for organised sport participation over three years, from 2015 to 2017. Results support the construct validity of SDQ responses. Therefore, it is possible that participants in informal self-organized sports settings (such as public spaces) might need a higher level of autonomous motivation, and are driven by different (intrinsic) goals than participants in traditional sports clubs to participate frequently. Social affiliation goals were associated with a higher sports frequency in club-organized and non club-organized settings. In general, this study showed that different sports settings attract different types of sports participants with different levels of self-determined motivations and goals. Sports Participation, Physical Activity, and Health-Related Fitness in Youth With Chronic Diseases or Physical Disabilities The Health in Adapted Youth Sports Study . [5]. In addition, participants of our sample used similar sports settings than the general adult population [28]. Practising endurance sports, as opposed to technical or strength sports, predicted reduced growth in alcohol intoxication and tobacco use. In the third model (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.212), interaction effects between goals and sports setting were added to model 2. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205198.t002. In general, health improvement goals (such as increasing energy level, stamina, or resistance to illness and disease) were the most prevalent goals for participation in sports among the sample. The Perceived Legitimacy of Rule Violating Behavior in Sport. According to Borgers et al. Seven slides clearly depicted RVB. For instance, women are more likely to engage in informal and flexible sports in commercial or alternative settings [2,4,8], and adults of higher social classes and with higher incomes are more likely to engage in non-organized sports [13,14]. When the interaction effects of goals with sports settings appeared in model 3, the positive relation of controlled motivation on the sports frequency of club members (model 2) disappeared. Writing – review & editing, Affiliation The Sports Participation in the United States study is a research program designed to measure the number of individuals seven years of age or older who participated in each of a number of different sports / recreational activities within the previous year. Sporting activities are social contexts that expose adolescents to like‐minded peers and adults. Conceptualization, [45]., who found relative high scores on social recognition and extrinsic levels of motivation among Master athletes in sports clubs (aged 29–77 years), which could be explained by their high ego-orientation (that is, their focus on personal success) in sports. In accordance with Borgers et al. Dataset based on data collection in six municipalities in the Netherlands (2014). As most literature examined adolescents, research on pre-college sports participation and its subsequent effect on college students remains scarce. physical activity, the diversity of research in this area presents challenges when trying to advance theory about engagement in these contexts, but this set of papers offers some promising leads. (2008) www. Eighteen thousand adults (3,000 per municipality), aged 18–80 years old, were randomly selected from municipal population registers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Other studies show similar measurement issues with the same item [34]. What Adolescents Learn in Organized Youth Activities: A Survey of Self‐Reported Developmental Experiences, Extracurricular Activities and Adolescent Development, Social and motivational predictors of continued youth sport participation, Sports Participation as a Protective Factor Against Depression and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents as Mediated by Self-Esteem and Social Support. Future research should consider whether adults participate in more than one type of sport and/or using multiple sports settings, as this might be associated with motivations, goals and sports frequency. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205198.t001. Methodology, To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors. In males, adolescent participation in ball games, intensive endurance sports, track and field, and combat sports was associated with a high or very high level of adult activity. Sports participation was defined as ‘purposeful active participation in sports related physical activities performed during leisure-time’ [10,29,30]. Also outlined in this entry is how poor‐quality coaches can lead to disordered eating and reduced well‐being in elite adolescent athletes. It also explores potential mediating mechanisms that link such participation to academic success. Linking Extracurricular Programming to Academic Achievement: Who Benefits and Why? Data were collected via an online survey that recorded information about motivations, goal content, and sports participation characteristics, including principal sports setting. Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. The mediating mechanisms we discuss relate to identity formation, peer group membership, and attachment to non-familial adults. Recent research emphasizes the importance of economic factors on sport participation. However, the findings raise questions about the ethics of condoning or justifying emotionally abusive coaching practices and support the need for athlete protection measures in sport. Participants responded to the question ‘Why do you participate in your sport?’ and rated the extent to which the goals were important for participation in their principal sport during the past year on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (totally disagree) to 5 (totally agree). Under 10 11 to15 ... Are there any sports you have started/rediscovered after this Summer - or - have you seen any changes to participation? Several significant interaction effects of motivations and goals with sports settings were found (Table 2). On the other hand, despite strong controlled motivations and extrinsic goals of social recognition and image, club members participate very frequently and spend more time in sports [5]. Yes Club-organized sports settings were associated with participants who were focussed on intrinsic goals related to skill development and social affiliation and on extrinsic goals related to social recognition from others and image. athletes. For instance, informal and non-club organized settings attracted non-competitive, novice and experienced athletes who participated in individual and flexible types of sports such as running and types of cycling (in public spaces) and gym-related activities or group lessons (in private gyms or health centres). Body-related barriers were the most predominant barrier type among overweight youth, especially among overweight girls. In line with SDT-based research [17–19], we found that a higher score on self-determined autonomous motivations was associated with a higher sports frequency, whereas controlled motivations were associated with a lower sports frequency. Most respondents engaged rather frequently in sports; 59.1% participated at least twice a week in their principal sport, and this percentage increased to 68.1% if all other sports activities were also included. We extend this by examining the role played by time constraints and family structure in survey data from Rheinberg, Germany. Increased sports participation could protect against depression and suicidal ideation by increasing endogenous endorphin levels, boosting self-esteem, improving body image, increasing social support, and affecting substance abuse. Users of non club-organized settings (i.e., gyms, health centres and swimming pools) and informal settings (i.e., mainly the public space) were more similar to each other than to sports club members and were associated with individual types of sports and with goals related to image and health improvement, respectively. Trend analyses on the other categorical variables indicated support for an in-sport socialization process that legitimizes RVB. Overweight children may be particularly vulnerable to body-related barriers to physical activity, and reducing such barriers may serve as physical activity intervention points most relevant for overweight youth. No, Is the Subject Area "Psychological attitudes" applicable to this article? Furthermore, having health management goals had the strongest positive association with sports frequency among informal participants and was associated less with sports club members. Sports were a frequent context for those related to identity work and emotional development. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are presented. This implies that sports frequency is higher when participants engage in settings that better fit their motivations and goals. Thematic analysis of the interviews revealed that psychological factors, perceptions of the context, and emerging identity all played a role in decisions to remain involved or quit. In addition to reviewing the literature it questions the understandings of sport which typically underpin such interventions. The third model (including interactions between goals and sports settings) indicated that having skill development goals led to a higher sports frequency among sports club members. The review reveals a mixed picture of the relationship between activity participation and these adolescent developmental outcomes. Furthermore, performed researches concerning common sporting environments tend to focus on evaluating attitudes and conducts of sportsmen while ignoring the influence of other social agents such as coaches, parents/spectators, referees. Recently, several new opportunities to practice sports have emerged, and especially informal and flexible types of sports participation (also referred to as ‘light’ sports settings) have increased more rapidly than traditional organized club-based sports participation (or ‘heavy’ sports settings) [2–5]. e0205198. The higher level of social recognition among sports club members corresponds to the findings of Hodge et al. Based on the social-ecological framework, we hypothesize that both sociodemographic and motivational variables may have different effects on sports frequency depending on the specific setting for sports activities. The role of value and perceived ability in flow and identity-related experiences in adolescent sport, Student Council, Volunteering, Basketball, or Marching Band. – than heterosexual can be problematic”. The final sample included 910 participants. All rights reserved. Data collection occurred in six municipalities in the Netherlands (Amsterdam, Utrecht, Alphen aan den Rijn, Heerlen, Berkelland and Roerdalen) in September 2014. In addition to more general sociodemographic characteristics such as sex, age and working and household situations [5], psychological determinants such as motivation or behavioural regulation (the reason why a person participates in sports) and goals (what an individual is expecting to achieve with sports) have been found to be strong intrapersonal determinants of sports participation. Ss were categorized according to gender, amount of physical contact, highest level of organized sport participation, and years of participation. According to the Centre for Youth Sport and Athlete Welfare: “Social attitudes have meant that there has been a reluctance even to recognise that sports participation by those whose sexual orientation is anything other 1 Cryer J. Project administration, Ordinal regression analyses were used to investigate the effects of sports settings, the level of self-determined motivations and goals, and interaction effects of motivations and goals with different sports settings, on sports frequency. For the items that remained, we calculated mean scores per factor derived from the PCA. Subsequently, they were asked in what location that sports activity mostly occurred (referred to as sports location, which includes a traditional—often voluntary run—sports club, a registered—often commercially run—sports facility, or a public space) and their organizational setting (that is, whether they participated as a member of a traditional sports club; as a participant of a gym, health centre or sports facility other than a sports club; or as part of an informal group or individually). In contrast to Borgers et al. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click to realize the educational potential of organized youth sport. Moreover, to study whether such increased drug use varies according to type of sport (team versus individual), main skills needed (endurance, strength or technical) and level of competition. What is your age? More insight into these mechanisms may help in determining what strategies may be useful to further promote sports participation among users of different settings. For example, if sports participants perceive the culture within sports clubs as focused on skill development, social recognition and performance and as a place where trainers and peers have expectations and limits are pushed, for instance, this might explain why novice athletes prefer more low-key, flexible opportunities with less sense of obligations [4,8]. The use of frequency of participation in specific studies complements those that have previously been limited to the core definition of participation. precisely, in youth sport. Confounders included pubertal timing, friends' drug use, perceived social acceptance, grades and parental socio-economic status. This study examined whether the motivational constructs of attainment value and ability self-concept were related to positive developmental experiences in sport, and tested intensity of participation as a moderator of this relation. Additionally, the extrinsic goal of image was found to be associated with a higher sports frequency in sports clubs and gym participants. Participation in sport and exercise The aim is to analyse the sociological, economic, psychological, political, organisational and behavioural factors which inhibit and facilitate participation and engagement in sport and exercise. People in managerial positions tend to take part in sport more frequently than those in other socio-economic groups and people in full-time employment are more than twice as likely to cycle for health and recreation as retired people. Validation, They differ in personal characteristics and in their levels of self-determined motivations and goals. However, these same social processes have also been demonstrated to be linked to risk‐taking behavior when the sporting context exposes adolescents to peers with risky attributes. Our results indicate that sports frequency is higher when participants engage in settings that are more suitable for their motivations and goals and whether these are more or less self-determined. Most of these sports participants participated twice a week in sports (39.5%) and engaged in individual sports activities in gyms or in exercise or dance classes. Women prefer walking for leisure, men general sports. The evaluation must enable the type of pro social and antisocial attitudes and conducts to be identified, as well as the agents which carry them out. A sample of 1,628 students (954 grade 9, 674 grade 12) reported their developmental experiences in sport in two domains: identity formation and flow. Therefore, it would be desirable that some proper instruments were elaborated and allowed evaluating sportsmanship and unsportsmanlike conduct, particularly in youth sport. However, as the sports settings used, and the sports frequency in our sample corresponded to the statistics regarding the general Dutch adult population [28], and because we controlled for relevant intrapersonal variables, a selection bias towards more sports-minded respondents is unlikely. Barriers to and support for physical activity were examined among 84 overweight children attending a summer fitness camp or a university-based weight loss clinic. Through reference to research conducted around the work of Leyton Orient Community Sports Programme on a Tower Hamlets Drug Challenge Fund Project, a case is made for the use of sport within the framework of holistic community development interventions in preference to punitive diversionary measures. Young Adult Pathways Linked to Adolescent Activity Involvement and Social Identity, A Qualitative Exploration of Adolescents' Commitment to Athletics and the Arts, The Contribution of Organized Youth Sport to Antisocial and Prosocial Behavior in Adolescent Athletes. about sports participation (for examples, see Gratton and Tice (1991) and Downward and Riordan (2007). Participation in sports has been shown to be protective against depression and suicidal ideation, but little is known about what factors mediate these relationships. The purposes of this study were to examine the percentage of female elite athletes and controls with disordered eating (DE) behavior and clinical eating disorders (EDs), to investigate what characterize the athletes with EDs, and to evaluate whether a proposed method of screening for EDs in elite athletes does not falsely classify sport-specific behaviors as indicators of EDs. This finding is in line with the previous literature showing evidence for better psychological and health outcomes in club-based (team) sports participants than individual participants and those in less social settings [21,41]. Chi-squares and analyses of variance (ANOVA) were conducted to test for significant differences between participants of the three different sports settings (i.e., those mainly using sports clubs, non-club organized, or informal (public space) settings) regarding their motivations and goals for sports participation and other characteristics (sociodemographic and sports-related characteristics). Extracurricular participation was positively associated with higher academic track enrolment, university aspirations, and school belonging, and negatively associated with skipping school; participation in team sports was related to greater alcohol use. We removed the item ‘I get restless if I don’t participate in my sport regularly’ because reliability analysis indicated that the internal consistency of the introjected regulation subscale was too low if we included this item. Education was classified into three levels based on the highest self-reported level of completed education: 1) lower education (i.e., no education, primary education, and lower professional education), 2) middle education (i.e., intermediate and higher general education), and 3) higher education (i.e., higher professional education and university). To test whether the association of motivations and goals with sports frequency differs between sports settings, interactions between types of motivations and sports settings and interactions between types of goals and sports settings were included. Yes In addition, a (perceived) lack of skills necessary to join a sports club might also hinder novice and non-sports participants to become a member of a sports club. While factors of the physical environment are often taken into account as determinants influencing health behaviour, including sports participation [14,50], we recommend also considering interactions on different levels, including psychological-environmental interactions, in research on explaining sports participation. Outcome measures included smoking of tobacco and 12-month prevalences of alcohol intoxication and cannabis use, respectively. a b s t r a c t Updating a previous systematic review of the literature, this review summarizes the literature over the last 5 years on the relationship between school-based extracurricular activity participation and academic achievement, substance use, sexual activity, psychologi-cal adjustment, and delinquency. This study contributes to understanding the role of individual differences in developmental experiences in sport. On the other hand, the results revealed that having (intrinsic) skill development and social affiliation goals were associated with a higher sports frequency among sports club members than among non-club organized and informal sports participants. Substance abuse, body weight, and exercise did not mediate these associations. However, sports participation in outdoor settings can also produce higher restorative health benefits than do indoor settings [42]. For participation in the more social settings of traditional sports clubs, it is hypothesized that social goals and commitment help trigger the (autonomous) motivation to participate in sports frequently. A slightly different factor structure resulting from the screening data, a random sample middle... Research ( grant number: 328-98-008 ) ( ID ) sociodemographic characteristics, 6 males and females... Positive outcomes, yet the mechanisms underlying this relationship are largely unknown that sports frequency users... Semistructured interview data from Rheinberg, Germany effects of sports participants more frequently team. Paper and its Supporting information files instruments were elaborated and allowed evaluating sportsmanship and unsportsmanlike conduct, particularly youth. General sports structure compared to the commonality of sporting and criminal/drug use experiences 68.8 %.. Extracurricular programs that support adolescent development that may influence children 's participation in sport is consumed the... Provide easily accessible facilities where sports can be found here eating and reduced well‐being in adolescent... Extracurricular programs that support adolescent development semistructured interview data from 41 adolescents who been! Motivations were negatively associated with numerous positive outcomes, yet the mechanisms underlying this relationship are unknown. These scales were both based on data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the cycle. 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Frequent participation in specific studies complements those that have previously been limited to the cross-sectional of! These associations and these scales were both based on data collection in six municipalities in Netherlands... Areas, click here mechanisms may help in determining what strategies may useful.